Geographical distribution of Lyme-like borreliosis in Brazil: Hot spots for research and surveillance.

From studies that have accompanied cases of this disease in the country it’s possible to identify that epidemiological, clinical and laboratories aspects are different from cases of Lyme disease recorded in the United States and Eurasia, the Brazilian Lyme borreliosis has been called Lyme-like disease or Syndrome Baggio-Yoshinari.

The etiological agent causer of this disease has not yet been detected (isolation and molecular characterization) in human samples from the cases described in the country and a portion of the medical and scientific community questions the occurrence of the disease in the Brazilian territory.

In order to increase the knowledge about Lyme-like borreliosis in Brazil, we analyzed the records included in the Gerenciador deAmbiente Laboratorial (GAL), which is the information system that collects the data on the requests for laboratory diagnostic tests in the scope of the Brazilian Health System.

Simultaneous identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by duplex PCR assay

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M.G) and Mycoplasma synoviae (M.S) have recognized as common respiratory pathogens especially in chickens cause a lots of economic losses in poultry industries. The aim of this study was development and validation of duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for simultaneous detection of MG and MS. A total of 50 samples from tracheas, lungs and air sacs were taken from commercial broiler chicken farms in Iran. 

The samples were cultured in PPLO broth supplemented for M.S and M.G isolation and bacteria DNA were extracted by phenol/chloroform. The conserved region of 16S rRNA gene was applied for the detection of Mycoplasma genus in 163bp fragment and MG in 183 bp fragment and vlhA gene for detection of MS in 350 bp fragment. 

Health insurance a predominant medium for achieving universal healthcare in India – A farfetched dream?

In India, there are two kinds of insurances - Social Health Insurance (e.g. Employees State Insurance Scheme) & Voluntary Health Insurance. Even after years of grappling with health insurances, 71% of the healthcare costs are borne by the households. CGHS (Central Government Health Scheme), ESI (Employees State Insurance) and private insurance providers are major participants but they often ignore the population that needs the healthcare insurance the most. 

Self Help Groups and NGOs extend a number of Community based health insurance schemes. However, this covers only less than 1% of the country’s population. ESIS and CGHS taken together constituted 41% of total spending on insurance. The government has rolled out various schemes like RSBY (Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna) that cover population in informal sector but only the BPL (Below Poverty Line) and marginalized population. Still a large non-formal sector is there that is above the BPL but in dire need of health insurance as they are most susceptible to catastrophic health expenditures and fall below poverty line due to health expenditures. 

Eupatorium arnottianum

Parasitic diseases caused by Leishmania and Trypanosoma species, known as neglected tropical diseases, are responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates in developing countries. Leishmaniasis is caused by more than 20 species of the kinetoplastid protozoan parasite Leishmania, which is transmitted to humans by species of phlebotomine sand flies. 

It occurs in 98 countries with 350 million people living at risk. According to the varied manifestations of the disease, leishmaniasis is classified into four clinical forms: visceral, mucocutaneous, diffuse or disseminated cutaneous, and cutaneous. It is estimated that each year there are 200,000- 400,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis, 700,000- 1,200,000 new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and about 20,000-30,000 deaths. 

Antiprotozoal activity of flavonoids from Eupatorium arnottianum

Parasitic diseases caused by Leishmania and Trypanosoma species, known as neglected tropical diseases, are responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates in developing countries. Leishmaniasis is caused by more than 20 species of the kinetoplastid protozoanparasite Leishmania, which is transmitted to humans by species of phlebotomine sand flies. It occurs in 98 countries with 350 million people living at risk. According to the varied manifestations of the disease, leishmaniasis is classified into four clinical forms: visceral, mucocutaneous, diffuse or disseminated cutaneous, and cutaneous.

Antiprotozoal activity of flavonoids from Eupatorium arnottianum

Parasitic diseases caused by Leishmania and Trypanosoma species, known as neglected tropical diseases, are responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates in developing countries. Leishmaniasis is caused by more than 20 species of the kinetoplastid protozoanparasite Leishmania, which is transmitted to humans by species of phlebotomine sand flies. It occurs in 98 countries with 350 million people living at risk. According to the varied manifestations of the disease, leishmaniasis is classified into four clinical forms: visceral, mucocutaneous, diffuse or disseminated cutaneous, and cutaneous.